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Sunday, January 19, 2014

Properties of Reliable Delivery Service

1. Stream Orientation: Stream delivery service on destination passes to the receiver exact same sequence of bytes that the sender passes it to the source.

2. Virtual Circuit Connection: Protocol softwares on both the ends communicate by verifying that the transfer is authorized and both sides are ready. Once all details have been settled, the protocol modules inform the application programs that the connection has been established and that transfer can begin.

3. Buffered transfer : When transferring data, each application uses whatever size pieces it finds convenient, which can be as small as a single octet.

4. Unstructured stream : Application programs using the stream service must understand stream content and agree on stream format before they initiate a connection.

5. Full duplex connection : A full duplex connection consists of two independent streams flowing in opposite directions, with no apparent interaction. The advantage of a full duplex connection is that the underlying protocol software can send control information for one stream back to the source in datagrams carrying data in the opposite direction. Such piggybacking reduces network traffic.

Wednesday, January 15, 2014

What is difference between Limited Broadcast address and Directed Broadcast address


We all know broadcast address . It is the address used to address all in the same LAN ( Local Area network).

In broadcast we have two types : Limited broadcast and Directed broadcast. What is the difference between the directed broadcast and the Limited broadcast ?

Limited broadcast is the broadcast limited to a single LAN and which is to be received by all. It is sent to reserved Class E , IP address 255.255.255.255. The destination MAC address for such frames will be FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF.  The router simply drop the Limited broadcast address and does not forward it.


Directed Broadcast address is the local subnet broadcast address. If the subnet is 192.168.10.0 , the directed broadcast address will be 192.168.10.255 , which will be heard by all in the same subnet hosts. The router will receive such packet and process it.The  destination mac address will still be FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF, as it is to be received by all hosts.

DHCP packets are Limited broadcast packets and NBNS uses directed broadcast packets.